Hypothyroidism

What Is Hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism develops when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce or release enough hormones into the bloodstream. This imbalance slows down many of your body’s natural processes, including metabolism and energy production.

The condition can range from mild (with no noticeable symptoms) to severe (called Myxedema), which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Common causes include:

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease)

• Iodine deficiency

• Certain medications

• Surgical removal or radiation therapy of the thyroid gland

• Pituitary gland disorders

How Does the Thyroid Gland Work?

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in your neck. It produces two main hormones, T3 and T4, which control your metabolism—the process your body uses to convert food into energy.

The pituitary gland (in the brain) regulates thyroid function through the release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). When thyroid hormone levels are low, the pituitary increases TSH to stimulate the thyroid to make more hormones.

A disruption in this feedback system causes either:

• Hypothyroidism – when too little hormone is produced

• Hyperthyroidism – when too much hormone is produced

Learn more about how hormonal balance affects health in our Women’s Health and General Health sections.

Who Is at Risk of Hypothyroidism?

Anyone can develop hypothyroidism, but it’s most common among:

• Women (especially after menopause)

• People with autoimmune conditions

• Those who’ve undergone neck radiation or thyroid surgery

• Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders

• Patients taking certain medications like lithium or amiodarone

Common Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Symptoms can develop slowly and may include:

• Constant tiredness and weakness

• Unexplained weight gain

• Dry skin and brittle hair

• Sensitivity to cold

• Constipation

• Puffy face or swelling around eyes

• Hoarse voice

• Low mood or depression

• Menstrual irregularities in women

• Slow heart rate or feeling sluggish

If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, your doctor may recommend a TSH blood test to confirm the diagnosis.

Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism

To understand the difference in treatment approach, you can read our comparison on Hormonal Imbalance Treatments.

How Is Hypothyroidism Diagnosed?

The most accurate test is a TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) blood test. Your doctor may also check free T4 levels and screen for autoimmune antibodies (like anti-TPO) to detect Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

A physical examination and discussion of symptoms also help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for Hypothyroidism

The most effective and commonly prescribed medicine for hypothyroidism is Levothyroxine (a synthetic form of T4).
It restores normal hormone levels, relieves symptoms, and maintains long-term thyroid balance.

Commonly available hypothyroidism medicines include:

• Levothyroxine Sodium Tablets (T4)

• Thyroxine Sodium Tablets

• Euthyrox / Synthroid (Brand of Levothyroxine)

For best results:

• Take the medicine on an empty stomach, at the same time each morning.

• Avoid taking calcium or iron supplements within 4 hours of your dose.

• Follow your doctor’s regular monitoring schedule.

Explore our Hormonal Medicines category to find affordable options for thyroid management.

What Happens if Hypothyroidism Is Left Untreated?

Untreated hypothyroidism can cause:

• Heart problems (slow heart rate, heart failure)

• Infertility or irregular periods

• Goitre (thyroid gland enlargement)

• Depression and cognitive issues

• Myxedema (severe life-threatening form)

Timely treatment and regular follow-up can help prevent these complications.

Can Hypothyroidism Go Away on Its Own?

In most cases, hypothyroidism is a lifelong condition that requires continuous medication.
However, in temporary cases (like thyroiditis after pregnancy or certain viral infections), thyroid levels may normalize naturally with time.

Always consult your doctor before adjusting or stopping your medicine.